to exploitative conditions that can be tantamount to slavery. Reports suggest that human
trafficking is a global phenomenon, victimizing millions of people each year and contributing to a
multi-billion dollar criminal industry. It is a centuries-old problem that, despite international and
U.S. efforts to eliminate it, continues to occur in virtually every country in the world. Human
trafficking is also an international and cross-cutting policy problem that bears on a range of major
national security, human rights, criminal justice, social, economic, migration, gender, public
health, and labor issues.
The U.S. government and successive Congresses have long played a leading role in international
efforts to combat human trafficking. Key U.S. foreign policy responses include the following:
- Foreign Country Reporting to describe annual progress made by foreign governments to combat human trafficking, child soldiers, and forced labor.
- Foreign Product Blacklisting to identify goods made with convict, forced, or indentured labor, including forced or indentured child labor.
- Foreign Aid to support foreign countries’ efforts to combat human trafficking.
- Foreign Aid Restrictions to punish countries that are willfully noncompliant with anti-trafficking standards.
- Conditions on Trade Preference Program Beneficiaries to offer certain countries export privileges to the United States, only if they also adhere to international standards against forced labor and child trafficking.
- Preventing U.S. Government Participation in Trafficking Overseas to punish and deter trafficking-related violations among U.S. government personnel and contractors.
sufficient progress has been made to deter and ultimately eliminate the problem, the end goal of
current U.S. anti-trafficking policies. This report explores current foreign policy issues
confronting U.S. efforts to combat human trafficking, the interrelationship among existing
polices, and the historical and current role of Congress in such efforts.
The 112th Congress has introduced and taken action on several bills related to human trafficking,
including bills to reauthorize the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), the cornerstone
legislative vehicle for current U.S. policy to combat human trafficking, beyond FY2011 (S. 1301,
H.R. 2830, and H.R. 3589). Given recent challenges in balancing budget priorities, the 112th
Congress may choose to consider certain aspects of this issue further, including the effectiveness
of international anti-trafficking projects, interagency coordination mechanisms, and the
monitoring and enforcement of anti-trafficking regulations, particularly as they relate to the
activities of U.S. government contractors and subcontractors operating overseas. See the
Appendix for further discussion of legislative activity in the 112th Congress. For an overview of
domestic and international provisions in the TVPA, see CRS Report RL34317, Trafficking in
Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress, by Alison Siskin and Liana Sun Wyler.
Date of Report: July 6, 2012
Number of Pages: 36
Order Number: R42497
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